4/6/2023 0 Comments Statsey leve![]() State judicial branches are usually led by the State supreme court, which hears appeals from lower-level State courts. Its members usually serve shorter terms, often two years. ![]() The larger lower chamber is most often called the House of Representatives, but some states call it the Assembly or the House of Delegates. (Nebraska is the lone state that has just one chamber in its legislature.) The smaller upper chamber is always called the Senate, and its members generally serve longer terms, usually four years. ![]() Together the two chambers make State laws and fulfill other governing responsibilities. The latter is part of a system of checks and balances among the three branches of government that mirrors the Federal system and prevents any branch from abusing its power.Įxcept for one State, Nebraska, all States have a bicameral legislature made up of two chambers: a smaller upper house and a larger lower house. The legislature also approves a State’s budget and initiates tax legislation and articles of impeachment. Legislative BranchĪll 50 States have legislatures made up of elected representatives, who consider matters brought forth by the governor or introduced by its members to create legislation that becomes law. States reserve the right to organize in any way, so they often vary greatly with regard to executive structure. In most states, other leaders in the executive branch are also directly elected, including the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, and auditors and commissioners. In every state, the Executive Branch is headed by a governor who is directly elected by the people. Constitution mandates that all States uphold a “republican form” of government, although the three-branch structure is not required. Constitution.Īll State governments are modeled after the Federal Government and consist of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Alabama Constitution, for example, contains 310,296 words-more than 40 times as many as the U.S. Each state has its own written constitution, and these documents are often far more elaborate than their Federal counterpart. Police departments, libraries, and schools-not to mention driver’s licenses and parking tickets-usually fall under the oversight of State and local governments. Most Americans have more frequent contact with their State and local governments than with the Federal Government. The COVID-19 pandemic drove huge increases in policy uncertainty and unemployment, more so in states with stricter government-mandated lockdowns.Powers not granted to the Federal government are reserved for States and the people, which are divided between State and local governments. VAR models fit to pre-COVID data imply that upward shocks to own-state EPU foreshadow weaker economic performance in the state, as do upward EPU shocks in contiguous states. Close elections elevate policy uncertainty much more than the average election. EPU-N rises around presidential elections and in response to 9-11, Gulf Wars I and II, the 2011 debt-ceiling crisis, the 2012 fiscal cliff episode, and federal government shutdowns. EPU-S rises around gubernatorial elections and own-state episodes like the California electricity crisis of 2000-01 and the Kansas tax experiment of 2012. Tapping digital archives for nearly 3,500 local newspapers, we construct three monthly indexes for each state: one that captures state and local sources of policy uncertainty ( EPU-S), one that captures national and international sources ( EPU-N), and a composite index that captures both. We quantify and study state-level economic policy uncertainty.
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